Where does text message spam come from? NUVOs

The major mobile networks account for 90 percent of all legitimate text message traffic -- but only 38 percent of blocked spam messages. The rest of the spam messages is dominated by network unaffiliated virtual operators, according to a new report from Cloudmark.
These companies, known as NUVOs, provide app-based text messages for mobile phone users. But instead of sending messages to other users of the same app -- like, say, Facebook, Skype, or WhatsApp -- the NUVOs transmit the messages over