Deciphering and harnessing promoter-driven feedback controllers to mitigate metabolic burden in Corynebacterium glutamicum

A genomically encoded GFP-based monitor enables real-time sensing of metabolic burden in C. glutamicum. Early burden-responsive promoters, including the conserved Pcg1940, are identified and coupled to feedback circuits that dynamically regulate gene expression, thereby improving cell growth, protein biosynthesis, and bioproduction in engineered cells.