How to use two-factor authentication for your Apple account without using an Apple device

Here’s a question we don’t receive often at Macworld, but it’s one to ponder. Rajeevan asks:
I don’t own an Apple device currently, and I am operating my Apple account and mail from a Windows computer. Now how can I enable two-factor authentication from my Windows 10 computer and generate an app-specific password?
This question likely popped up because of Apple’s decision to end third-party access to calendars, contacts, and email without using two-factor authentica