Cyber Operations against Civilian DataRevisiting War Crimes against Protected Objects and Property in the Rome Statute

AbstractCyber operations are becoming an increasing part of armed conflict. This article assesses whether cyber operations against data during an armed conflict could amount to a war crime in the Statute of the International Criminal Court. It unpacks the plausibility of computer data being included in the categories of ‘object’ and ‘property’ in the Statute, showing there is no doctrinal and jurisprudential unanimity in either case. However, the Court can and should take